Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Uncle Toms Cabin Analytical Essay Essay Example for Free

Uncle Toms Cabin Analytical Essay Essay Critic Moira Davison Reynolds describes Uncle Toms Cabin as skillfully and artistically constructed propaganda that contributed mightily to massive reform (ix). As such, its author, Harriet Beecher Stowe has been placed among the greatest Americans that ever lived and at one time was the most famous woman in the country (Reynolds 146). Born on June 14, 1811, to a remarkably accomplished family of orators, educators and pioneering social activists, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher followed in the footsteps of her politically active family and took up the banner of anti-slavery reform. Her passion for the cause is said to have come to her as a result of her time spent in Ohio observing the results of the fugitive slave laws (Reynolds 159). Uncle Toms Cabin is a text intended to shock its readers into rejecting Slavery. At the same time, it is intended to raise the sympathy of its audience by humanizing the slave. This paper discusses how Stowe achieves each of these things in her novel and how effective she was. This paper also investigates the role of family feeling in Stowes novel: it serves the conflicted purpose of motivating white Americans to fight against slavery while also providing the basis for imagining the nation as a reassuringly racially pure family home. The Family Feeling in Rejecting Slavery and Humanizing the Slave At the center of Stowes abolitionist argument is the fact that slavery destroys families. The separation through sale or death by neglect of children from parents, husbands from wives, sisters from brothers, receives her harshest and most consistent criticism throughout the novel. In her final appeal to her readers, Stowe writes, The writer has given only a faint shadow, a dim picture, of the anguish and despair that are, at this very moment, riving thousands of hearts, shattering thousands of families, and driving a helpless and sensitive race to frenzy and despair (384). The two precipitating events that set the novel in motion are framed as instances of slaverys disregard for any family feeling. Mr. Shelby is driven by financial concerns to separate Tom from his wife and children and George Jr. from his parents, regardless of any claims to affection for his slaves or promises he has made for their manumission. In addition to following the diverging fates of Tom and Eliza, the novel produces what James Baldwin called a catalogue of violence (496), providing numerous examples of familial destruction at the hands of ruthless slave traders and vicious owners. One illustrative example is the story of Lucy, a woman purchased by the slave trader Haley as he takes Tom down to the New Orleans market early in the novel. When Haley sells her son, Lucy waits until dark and throws herself into the river. Her suicide is never mentioned again, but the tragedy of her death is one element of the constant backdrop of familial destruction as Tom travels deeper into slave territory. In addition to feeling horror at these and other stories throughout the novel, the reader is meant to feel particular distaste for those characters who are not so moved by such willful destruction of family ties. For example, Mr. Shelby describes Haley the slave trader as someone who would sell his own mother at a good percentage not wishing the old woman any harm, either (30). Haleys villainy is expressed not just through his actions, but through his lack of proper familial affections. Marie St. Claire, Evas deeply self-absorbed mother, is almost as much a villain as Haley, not least because she refuses to believe that her slaves love their families in the same way that white women do. She complains, Now, St. Claire really has talked to me as if keeping Mammy from her husband was like keeping me from mine. Theres no comparing in this way. Mammy couldnt have the feelings I should. Its a different thing altogether as if Mammy could love her dirty babies as I love Eva! (151). The corruption of families by slavery is more than a series of individual tragedies; it is a blight on both the civic and spiritual life of the nation as a whole. Stowe writes, Nothing of tragedy can be written, can be spoken, can be conceived, that equals the frightful reality of scenes daily and hourly acting on our shores, beneath the shadow of American law, and the shadow of the cross of Christ (384). The scenes of family destructions to which Stowe refers in the passage picture the worst travesties of maternal care she can imagine infanticide and suicide of mothers who chose death for themselves and their children over slavery. The solution to the crisis of slavery lies in a restoration of proper family feeling, a call which Stowe frames in national terms. In her most extended direct address to the reader in the last chapter of the novel, she writes an incantatory call to the men and women of America, and particularly the mothers of America to draw on their own experience of parental love as a means through which to fight for the end of slavery. She writes, And now, men and women of America, is this a thing to be trifled with, apologized for, and passed over in silence? And you, mothers of America, you, who have learned, by the cradles of your children, to love and feel for all mankind, by the sacred love you bear your child; I beseech you, pity those mothers that are constantly made childless by the American slave-trade! And say, mothers of America, is this a thing to be defended, sympathized with, passed over in silence? (384) In the logic of her call, to fight against slavery is to fight for not just individual families, but for the duty and love that families are divinely sanctioned to inspire and protect. To love anyone properly, to be moved to defend the rights of other mothers to love their own children, one must first draw from their own experience. If that familial love is as strong as it is supposed to be, then slavery would be unconscionable. The tactic of mobilizing sentiment is used throughout the book to force the reader to consider slavery in light of her own family life. When Tom is separated from his children at the beginning of the novel, the narrator breaks from the event to address the reader and call up his or her own feelings over lost children. After describing Toms tears, she writes, just such tears, sir, as you dropped into the coffin where lay your first-born son; such tears, woman, as you shed when you heard the cries of your dying babe. For, sir, he was a man, and you are but another man (34). By seeing Tom as but another man, the reader must temporarily abandon the distinctions that make slavery if not racism possible, although this temporary suspension is challenged by the novels resolution. Stowe also calls on the readers to shift their frame of reference when considering the sale of human beings by addressing those slaves for sale at the New Orleans auction through the nominal forms of family: Then you shall be courteously entreated to call and examine, and shall find an abundance of husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, fathers, mothers, and young children, to be sold separately, or in lots to suit the convenience of the purchaser' (283). The reformist impact of the image is meant to lie in the use of affectionate names for family juxtaposed to the utilitarian language of commerce. Such moments call up the readers indignation; other moments are meant to inspire the readers admiration. Another method through which Stowe humanizes slaves is stressing their familiar bonds and characteristics. In many ways, George and Eliza are ideal parents and spouses. Eliza, described as beautiful, educated, and kind, risks her life to prevent losing her son to Haley, the slave trader. Her dedication is distilled in the famous dash across the ice floes to get into Ohio from Kentucky (52). George, also handsome and intelligent, is willing to risk his life to protect Eliza. When they are being pursued by Haley and Tom Loker, George exclaims, And now, Eliza, Ill give my last drop of blood, but they shall not take you from me. Whoever gets you must walk over my dead body (165). George defines his masculinity through his marriage, telling Eliza, your loving me, why, it was almost like raising one from the dead! Ive been a new man ever since! (165). Conversely, Elizas femininity is framed through her ability to tame to proper proportions Georges occasional violent and irreligious impulses by enclosing them within domesticity. In their first scene together in the novel, George comes to Eliza in a rage, telling her about the numerous offenses committed by his masters. He hints several times that he might retaliate with violence, and Eliza urges him to control his temper through prayer: What are you going to do? O, George, dont do anything wicked; if you only trust in God, and try to do right, hell deliver you. I aint a Christian like you, Eliza; my hearts full of bitterness; I cant trust in God. Why does he let this be so? (15) George can only respond to Elizas influence when they have escaped slavery and are able to establish as sense of home while living with the Quakers. Home is described as a circle within which proper family and religious sentiment can develop. This, indeed, was a home, home, — a word that George had never yet known a meaning for; and a belief in God, and trust in his providence, began to circle his heart, as, with a golden cloud of protection and confidence, dark, misanthropic, pining, atheistic doubts, and fierce despair, melted away. (122). This passage describes the kind of familial sentiment that Stowe continually tries to incite in her readers throughout the text. According to Stowe, white families fail most consistently throughout the novel. Her calls for the readers to sympathize with the suffering of African American families under slavery is in part an attempt to move them to action, but it is also an attempt to get them to reform their own family feelings and connections to feel right not just about the issue of slavery, but about how to behave as a member of a white Christian family and nation. After all, the first scene of the novel shows us the tactless slave trader sullying the white family parlor, and throughout the novel, white family feeling fails, despite the best intentions of their members. The Shelbys provide an example. Mrs. Shelby treats her slaves with kindness, and imparts to them the value of domesticity. When she finds out that Mr. Shelby has contracted to sell George Jr. , she exclaims, I have taught them the duties of the family, of parent and child, and husband and wife; and how can I bear to have this open acknowledgement that we care for no tie, no duty, no relation, however sacred, compared to money? (29). She does her best to protect both Tom and Eliza, but in the end she cannot change her husbands decision. But the Shelbys failures are not unique. Husbands like Shelby and St. Claire mismanage money or die prematurely and the familys slaves must be sold down the river. Mothers are either ineffectual like Mrs. Shelby or actively awful like Marie St. Claire: as a result, families are separated and beatific children die of consumption. Two of the most powerful figures of maternal influence in the novel the dead mothers of St. Claire and Simon Legree can be read as symbols of retribution and reform. Legree is driven mad by the thought of the perfect love that his mother once had for him (323), but that perfect love is only a fearful torture, and in fact it drives him to redouble his efforts to rape Emmeline. He declares, Curse me, if I think theres any such thing as forgetting anything, any how, — hang it! Im lonesome! I mean to call Em. She hates me the monkey! I dont care, —Ill make her come! (323). St. Claire describes his mother as divine (195), and it is under the influence of her spirit that he begins to take the legal steps to manumit his slaves. But her influence arrives too late; St. Claire is stabbed to death while out on a walk, and Tom is sold down the river once again. The novel is plagued by such incidents, and at each stage they elicit sympathy from the readers, sympathy explicitly structured by the family form. The tragedy we are meant to feel most strongly is the failure of white families to function properly. Conclusion It can be concluded that Uncle Toms Cabin was effective in rejecting slavery and raising the sympathy of its audience by humanizing the slave. Stowe achieves each of these things in her novel through investigation of the role of family feeling: it serves the conflicted purpose of motivating white Americans to fight against slavery while also providing the basis for imagining the nation as a reassuringly racially pure family home. The restoration of George and Eliza Harris’ family after their harrowing escape from slavery and their decision to repatriate to Liberia are rendered in the service of the novels desire to rehabilitate white domesticity on both the familial and the national scale. Works Cited Baldwin, James. Everybodys Protest Novel. 1955. Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Toms Cabin. Ed. Elizabeth Ammons. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994. 495-501. Reynolds, Moira Davison. Uncle Toms Cabin and Mid-Nineteenth Century United States. North Carolina: McFarland, 1985. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Toms Cabin. 1852. Ed. Elizabeth Ammons. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Computer Security :: Papers Technology Virus Bugs Cybercrime Essays

Computer Security Computer security is the means by which the computer industry is combating computer crime. This topic was chosen because there is an ever-increasing dependency on computer systems. Any destruction or violation of these systems can cause more damage than ever before. New computer software/hardware is being developed everyday to help protect the computers of today and the systems of tomorrow. Viruses are one of the biggest problems facing IT professionals. More than 45,000 different viruses invade Window's based PC's each year. Within the last year, several of these bugs have caused billions of dollars in damage. Even though Window's is the world's most popular operating system, its many features and ease of use, has left it vulnerable to many cyber threats. Companies such as McAfee and Norton have thousands of programmers working to kill all known viruses. Another problem facing the computer industry is the group of people known as hackers, or crackers. By definition, a hacker is someone who gains illegal entry into a computer system that is not their own for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data. Hackers use your own computer weaknesses against you to gain access into you computer system. Most of the time, the computer user does not even know that there are ways into the system. This is because most of the weaknesses that are exploited are weaknesses that are widely distributed in commercial software. The largest problem that is facing the computer industry as a hole is computer crime in general. The definition of a computer crime is any criminal act that uses a computer as a means of committing the crime. Unauthorized bank and wire transfers account for millions of dollars in losses each year. Computer crime is not always just for profit, sometimes the goal is just destruction. One of the main solutions to computer security problems is a good combination of software and hardware. A business must keep its anti-virus software updated continuously. Software can also be used to restrict the access of users so that they are only using the parts of the system that they have to. This is necessary to prevent any destruction of valuable information either by accident or intentionally. There is also software designed to scan incoming e-mail and attachments for any destructive code. Having a high performance firewall will also help protect your network.

Monday, January 13, 2020

Payment of Gratuity Act

Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Outline †¢ Applicability of the Act (Sec 1) & Definitions (Sec 2) – employee, superannuation, continuous service (Sec 2(A)), Wages Payment of gratuity (Sec 4) o Continuous service of not less than 5 yrs o Calculation of gratuity in case of seasonal employees, in case of employee employed after disablement, on ‘retrenchment’, for service beyond the age of superannuation, on resignation o Calculation of â€Å"15 days† wages in respect of mthly rated employee, piece-rated employee, daily wager for 26 days in a month o Entitlement to gratuity with better terms o Withholding & forfeiture of gratuity Power to exempt (Sec 5) – payment of gratuity vis-a-vis curtailment of benefits by management Determination of the amt. of gratuity (Sec 7) o Duty of an employer to determine gratuity amt. o Mode of payment of gratuity & pd. f limitation to Controlling authority o Rate of interest Recovery of gratuity (Sec 8) o Delay in payme nt of gratuity – effect o Default in payment of gratuity or wages on part of employer Act to override other enactments (Sec 14) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1 Wages Sec 2(s) – B+DA + incentive wages * + Food Allowance (In case it is paid to Hotel Employees). Nomenclature of ‘honorarium’ to the remuneration for the services rendered by a person where employed for work. Not a part of wages under the Act, 1972 (bonus, commission, HRA, OT, & any other allowance like ‘teller’s allowance’ not even if it is vide bipartite settlements) * Bonus & incentive bonus paid separately – Bonus would include incentive wages (Not even in case of a piece rated employees) Continuous Service Read Sec 2(A) – in case of interruption of service due to illegal strike, the burden of proof lies upon the person who claims benefit under all circumstance. Where orders of Controlling / Appellate Authority put the onus on employee – HC held the normal rule by asking both the parties to lead evidence on the said issue. Other Issues Employee – if estopped from claiming gratuity after having once received a sum See if acceptance of gratuity estoppel against the statute [Sec 14] – Parry’s (Cal) Employees Union v. Union of India, 1980 Lab IC (Cal HC) Claim of gratuity for service beyond the age of superannuation, if also maintainable? Age of superannuation of an employee is not relevant for the purpose of payment of gratuity on his retirement / resignation. Cannot be refused gratuity in terms of Sec 4(1)(b) for the period of service rendered beyond the age of superannuation. Cannot be contended that gratuity is payable for the service rendered by him upto the age of his superannuation u/Sec 2(r). Break in service to be seen Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for mthly rated employee Daily wages – to be calculated for actual no. of working days which is 26 and not 30. Not to be calculated just by taking ? of his wages for a mth of 30 days. Not by fixing his daily wages dividing his mthly wages by 30 â€Å"15 days’ wages† – Cal & Guj HC & SC: 15 days’ wages should be taken as wages earned in 15 days and not wages earned during a pd. of 15 days including the days on which the employee is not entitled to payment of wages 2 Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for piece rated employee Avg. of total wages recd. by an empl for a pd. of 3 mths immediately preceding the termination of employment. Computed by dividing such total wages by the actual no. of days of work & not no. of days / no. of working days in the said pd. of 3 mths. (Wages payable for a day) x 15 Calculation of gratuity during pendency of disciplinary proceedings, & on dismissal for slowing down the work Gratuity cannot be withheld even if disciplinary proceeding is pending against an employee. Gratuity of an employee dismissed for willful slowing down of work cannot be withheld since there is no such bar in the Act. No deduction whatsoever, except as stipulated by Sec 4(6) pertaining to forfeiture on account of dismissal of an employee because of certain misconduct can be made from the payment of gratuity as payable to an employee. Kar HC Held: Non-payment of gratuity to an employee on his retirement on account of some lapses during his service is not tenable as his service has not been termination for any lapses. Retrenchment compensation whether can be set off against gratuity Statutory liability u/Act, 1972 is not in lieu of any other entitlement, but stands on its own. Entitlement under two diff. laws would depend upon the satisfaction of the essential requisites for claiming the sum due under the relevant provisions of these two enactments 3

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Essay on Where Will You Put Your Million Dollars - 741 Words

Jimmy Chen Mr.Bresnahan World History 1: Section 41 February 29, 2012 Document Based Question Question: Where will you put your million dollars? All women no matter what race or religion deserve to suffer. Eating rat dung should not have to be a concern that we have to think about. Children should break their bones during sports and games not inside coalmines while working. These problems are major issues that are very serious in our lives and need to be solved as soon as possible. In solving these problems it is possible that we may make the America that we live in a better and more suitable place for people of all kinds. All women no matter what race or religion deserve to suffer. I don’t mean that type of suffering I†¦show more content†¦Child labor is a very important issue that our society faces and really should not be a part of our society so I have chosen to give three hundred thousand dollars to stop child labor all together in America. Should we have to worry about if the chicken we are eating was once covered in rat dung and still carries residue of that. I don’t think anyone should have to worry about something like that. This issue is too straight forward and is something we as a country should not have to worry about but it is still happening. Unsafe food is an issue we are facing and it must be solved as soon as possible for the safety and well being of our nation. Unclean food can cause things such as disease and sickness. Is it safe that a piece of meat that tumbled onto the floor and collected dirt, sawdust and saliva and not cleaned or thrown away. I believe that food safety is a very serious issue and one that we should not be facing as a nation so I have chosen to give one hundred thousand dollars to keep the food we eat safe. If these three issues can be resolved by us as a nation maybe we can grow as a nation as well. These issues are very serious ones and should be resolved as soon as they possibly can and I believe that with time and effort they all can. If we can give women the right to vote then maybe that will allow us to unite as a nation so that we may tackle many other problems withShow MoreRelatedCigarettes are Harmful and Should Be Made Illegal Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufacture of tobacco in US history (introduction). That was a horrible decision because in 2011 a study done in the United States estimated that 43.8 million adults are current cigarette smokers. 440,000 of those 43.8 million adults died of tobacco related causes (centers). Of those 43.8 million 34.1 million smoke at least once a day and the remaining 9.7 million of them smoke every once in a while. 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